Identification of Pollution Sources
In compliance of the above orders, in the first phase, Punjab Pollution Control Board, being nodal agency, carried out the survey of pollution sources entering into River Sutlej and Sirhind Canal system in association with Department of Irrigation, Department of Rural Development and Panchayat. The pollution sources entering into River Sutlej and Sirhind Canal system were identified, which are listed as under:

A)    Industrial Sources
During the survey conducted by Punjab Pollution Control Board, the following industrial sources were identified which discharge their wastewater into River Sutlej:
(i)      M/s NFL Nangal
The industry was discharging about 288 MLD wastewater, of which 168 MLD is from once through cooling system and the remaining 120 MLD from the other sources.

(ii)    M/s Punjab Alkalie and chemicals Ltd., Naya Nangal                          
The discharge of the industry is 0.3 MLD which is treated in the neutralization tank, as a component of the treatment system and the effluent is discharged into River Sutlej.

(iii)    M/s Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Plant (GGSSTP)  
The industry has following steams of effluents, which are discharged into River Sutlej:

 
(iv)   Industrial Effluent of Industries Located in Ludhiana   

Presently, 200 MLD of wastewater from the industries is generating within Ludhiana city, out of which 150 MLD effluent is generated by small scale dyeing units (130 MLD from 5 clusters of dyeing units and 20 MLD from scattered units), whereas, 50 MLD is generated from the large and medium dyeing units. There are 1060 water polluting industries located in the jurisdiction of Ludhiana city. The category wise detail of the industries is as under:

         
*          The number of units within municipal limits and in its immediate vicinity connected to a industrial cluster.

The category wise status of pollution control by the industries is given as under:

a)      Dyeing Industries
There are 268 dyeing industries in Ludhiana, of which 17 industries are in large scale and 251 are in medium and small scale sector. Out of 251 medium and small scale dyeing industries, 200 dyeing units are located in 5 clusters namely Tajpur Road (73 industries, discharge-40 MLD), Industrial Area-A (37 industries, discharge-20 MLD), Focal Point (53 industries, discharge-40 MLD), Rahon Road (19 industries, discharge-15 MLD) and Bahadurke Road (18 industries, discharge-15 MLD). The remaining 51 small and medium dyeing industries are scattered in various parts of the Ludhiana city. The textile dyeing industries are generating 150 MLD of wastewater from their process which is having organic as well as chemical pollutants. The level of B.O.D. concentration varies in the range of 500-700 mg/l.
b)      Hosiery / Washing / Printing
There are 66 Hosiery/ Washing/ Printing units in Ludhiana. The effluent discharged from these industries is organic in nature with BOD concentration varying from 200-400 mg/l.

c)      Electroplating Industries
There are about 500 small scale and 7 large/ medium scale electroplating industries in Ludhiana. All these electroplating industries have provided their effluent treatment plant and discharging the treated effluent as per norms but the metal contents (though within the prescribed norms), inhibit the growth of microorganism, and subsequently, affect the biological activity of the treatment system and gives the poor performance of the treatment system. Since, in the Ludhiana city, there is common conveyance system of domestic as well as industrial effluent, as such, there is a need to either segregate the industrial wastewater from the domestic wastewater or there should be no industrial discharge into Budha Nallah. Thus, there was need to achieve zero liquid discharge by all the small, medium and large scale electroplating industries. The concentration of metal contents entering into Budha Nallah as per the study carried out by the Board in the year 2006-08 is under:

         
Thus, there was need to achieve zero liquid discharge from the electroplating industries of Ludhiana.
d)      Galvanizing Units
There are 9 Galvanizing units in Ludhiana, out of which 3 industries have installed their individual effluent treatment plants, whereas, the remaining 6 industries do not generate any trade effluent and hence installation of effluent treatment plant is not required. The effluent generated from the industries contains zinc and iron in various concentrations.
e)      Wire Drawing / Pickling
There are 111 Wire Drawing / Pickling units in Ludhiana, out of which 78 industries have installed their individual effluent treatment plants/ joined the common treatment facility for the recovery of FeSO4 and the remaining 33 industries are not required to install effluent treatment plants.

f)       Engineering Goods
There are 12 industries manufacturing Engineering Goods in Ludhiana, out of which 3 industries have installed their individual effluent treatment plants and the remaining 9 industries are not required to install any effluent treatment plant as there is no water polluting process.
g)      Milk Plants
There are 3 Milk Plants in Ludhiana and all these units have installed their individual effluent treatment plants, which are adequate to achieve the prescribed standards. The major source of effluent is from floor washing, pans and evaporators. The effluent is highly biodegradable in nature and BOD ranges from 1000-1500 mg/l.
h)      Pulp and Paper
There are 4 Pulp and Paper manufacturing industries in Ludhiana and all of them have installed their individual ETPs, which are adequate to achieve the prescribed standards. All the industries are waste paper based industries and the effluent is biodegradable in nature having BOD varying from 400-600 mg/l.
i)       Beverages / Soft Drinks
There are two Soft drink manufacturing industries in Ludhiana. Both the industries have installed ETP, to achieve the prescribed standards laid down by the Board. The main source of effluent is from floor as well as vessel washing alongwith reject of R.O system.
j)       Brewery Units
There is only one large scale brewery in Ludhiana, which has installed its own ETP. It is a highly water polluting industry generating effluent having organic parameters. The BOD ranges from 800-1200 mg/l.

k)      Used Oil Refining Units
There are 6 waste oil refining units in Ludhiana, which are not generating any trade effluent. As such, these units are not required to install any effluent treatment plant.
l)       Rubber Industries/ Tyre and Tubes
There are 22 such units out of which 3 units have installed their individual effluent treatment plants and the refining 19 units are not required to install any effluent treatment plants as these industries are not generating any trade effluent.
m)     Pesticides Formulation Industries
There is one such unit engaged in pesticide manufacturing, however, it is not required to install effluent treatment plant as no trade effluent is generated by it.
n)      Miscellaneous Units
There are 73 miscellaneous units falling under the category of Chemical Manufacturing, Scouring, Powder Coating, Phosphating, Heat Treatment, Auto Blackening, Service Stations etc., which are water polluting in nature. All the units have installed the necessary effluent treatment plants for treatment of their effluents.
v)      Industries of Phagwara Area
The following industries of Phagwara area have been identified which discharged their wastewater into River Sutlej through East Bein

• M/s JCT Ltd., G.T. Road, Phagwara, Distt. Kapurthala

The industry is dyeing plant and discharging 8.5 MLD effluent into MC sewer. It has provided effluent treatment plant based on aerobic biological treatment system.

• M/s Sukhjit Starch and Chemicals Ltd., G.T. Road, Phagwara, Distt. Kapurthala

 It is a strach manufacturing industry and discharging about 1.52 MLD of its effluent into MC sewer leading to East Bein and ultimately into River Sutlej. The industry has provided effluent treatment plant consisting of anaerobic treatment system followed by aerobic treatment system.

• M/s Wahid Sandhar Sugar Ltd., G.T. Road, Phagwara, Distt  Kapurthala

It is a sugar manufacturing industry and discharging about 1.69 MLD of its treated wastewater into MC sewer leading to East Bein and ultimately into River Sutlej. The industry has provided an effluent treatment plant consisting of aerobic treatment system.

• M/s Punjab Bone Mills, G. T. Road, Cheheru, Phagwara, Distt  Kapurthala

The industry manufactures glue and other relating products. It discharges about 0.41 MLD of its wastewater in East Bein leading to River Sutlej. The industry has installed an effluent treatment plant consisting of aerobic biological treatment system.
vi)     Industries of Jalandhar Area
The industries as mentioned in Table given below were found discharging their wastewater into Kala Singian Drain leading to East Bein and further into River Sutlej:

The discharge from the above 79 industries is 1.35 MLD, whereas, the discharge from Leather Complex is 5 MLD. The first module of CETP of capacity 1.5 MLD has been installed and is in operation
B)      Domestic Sources
The following villages / local bodies were found discharging their wastewater into Sirhind canal system and River Sutlej:
a)      Villages / Residential Areas
The following villages were found discharging their wastewater into Sirhind canal system:

• Balmik Ashram.
• Zail Singh Nagar.
• Part of Ropar town.
• Railway Colony & Kushat Ashram.
• Village Dholaran.
• Village Bassi Gujran.
• Village Garhi Tarkhana.

b)      Local Bodies

The sources of pollution, as mentioned above in Sirhind Canal System and River Sutlej are shown in the photographs given below: